Includes bibliographies.

Introductory: Nature and function of the philosophy of science / May Brodbeck -- Scientific outlook : naturalism and humanism / Herbert Feigl -- I. The nature of scientific method: Does science have metaphysical presuppositions? -- Arthur Pap -- Logic of modern physics / P. W. Bridgman - Testability and meaning / Rudolf Carnap -- Verifiability theory of meaning / Hans Reichenbach -- Logic of psychophysical measurement / Gustave Bergmann and Kenneth W. Spence -- II. Philosophy of the formal sciences : form and factual science / Rudolf Carnap -- Nature of a logical or mathematical system / Morris R. Cohen and Ernest Nagel -- On the nature of mathematical truth / Carl G. Hempel

III. Space, time, and relativity: Newton's views of time, space and motion / Ernst Mach -- Non-Euclidean geometries and the non-Euclidean world / Henri Poincare -- Are natural laws conventions? / Moritz Schlick -- Geometry and experience / Albert Einstein -- Philosophical significance of the theory of relativity / Hans Reichenbach -- Philosophical interpretations and misinterpretations of the theory of relativity / Philipp Frank -- IV. The logic of scientific explanation and theory construction : physical theory and experiment / Pierre Duhem -- Fundaments of theoretical physics / Albert Einstein -- Outline of an empiricist philosophy of physics / Gustav Bergmann -- Structure of theories / Norman R. Campbell -- Interpretation of physics / Rudolf Carnap -- Logic of explanation / Carl G. Hempel and Paul Oppenheim -- Induction, explanation, and transcendent hypotheses / William Kneale -- Constructions and Inferred Entities / Lewis White Beck -- Unity of science and unitary science / Herbert Feigl

V. Causality, determinism, indeterminism, and probability : on the notion of cause, with applications to the free-will problem / Bertrand Russell -- Notes on causality / Herbert Feigl -- Causal character of modern physical theory / Ernest Nagel -- Two concepts of probability / Rudolf Carnap -- Logical foundations of the theory of probability / Hans Reichenbach -- Logic of Quanta / Gustav Bergmann -- Principle of anomaly in quantum mechanics / Hans Reichenbach -- VI. Philosophical problems of biology and psychology: Philosophy of organic life / Moritz Schlick - Teleological explanation and teleological systems/ Ernest Nagel -- Philosophy of science in Gestalt theory / Edward H. Madden -- Postulates and methods of behaviorism / Kenneth W. Spence -- Operational analysis of psychological terms / B. F. Skinner -- Hypothetical constructs and intervening variables / Kenneth MacCorquodale and Paul E. Meehl -- Mind-body problem in the development of logical empiricism / Herbert Feigl -- On some methodological problems of psychology / Gustav Bergmann -- Law and convention in psychology / Paul E. Meehl

VII. Philosophy of the social sciences: Reason in social science / Morris R. Cohen -- Can the social sciences be value-free? / J. A. Passmore -- Operation called Verstehen / Theodore Abel -- Logic of historical analysis / Ernest Nagel -- Dialectic in society and history / Sidney Hook -- Physics and the problem of historico-sociological laws / Edgar Zilsel -- Ideal types and historical explanation / J. W. N. Watkins -- Scope and method of economics / Oscar Lange -- VIII. Epilogue: Limits of science / Eugene P. Wigner - Causality and the science of human behavior / Adolf Grunbaum -- Laws of science and the laws of ethics / Albert Einstein.